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US professors Robert Larzelere, Marjorie Gunnoe and Christopher Ferguson, regarded as world leaders in smacking research, state that the major meta-analyses on physical punishment of children are not methodologically sound enough to allow for robust conclusions to be made. Polling in Britain has consistently shown that a majority of adults are against criminalising smacking. That is not a surprise, as over 80% of adults were themselves smacked as children but of course do not regard their parents as child abusers.