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There is evidence from all around the world on this. A survey in Canada has shown that 36% of vapers have returned to smoking cigarettes because of the Quebec vape flavour ban brought in in 2023. The experience of Australia’s restrictions that limited vape flavours, introduced in early 2024, seems important, because that regulation proved ineffective at curbing youth vaping. Roughly 30% of 12 to 17 year-olds have tried vaping, despite the restrictions on flavours. Meanwhile, smoking rates among 14 to 17 year-olds have increased—I am just making the point that the flavours of vapes are not necessarily a cause here—while vaping has stagnated, and, guess what? The restrictions have also contributed to a steep rise in the illicit vape trade: a kind of vape Wild West.