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Atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 is a major contributor to air pollution and can lead to reduced visibility and various health issues. The Saddleworth Moor fire demonstrated that PM2.5 in excess of WHO guidelines lasted for several days, resulting in more than £20 million of extra health costs, and the lives of nearly 30 people were shortened. In contrast, prescribed burn events last a matter of hours. Furthermore, given the severity and intensity of wildfires, the resultant ash, like the smoke from burning peat, contains toxic chemicals not found in vegetation burning. The health effects of co-exposure to other pollutants are significant, according to the UK Health Security Agency.